Alergia ocular: tipos, edad de aparición, prevalencia y morbilidad / Ocular allergy: types, age of onset, prevalence and morbidity

Introducción: La alergia es el desorden más común del sistema inmunitario. En las últimas décadas, la prevalencia de las enfermedades alérgicas ha aumentado de forma considerable en todos los países. Objetivo: Describir el contexto actual de la alergia ocular para la realización de un diagnóstico precoz, una identificación temprana de los subtipos, un adecuado manejo terapéutico y un control de la severidad. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura científica de mayor impacto con el uso de las palabras clave. Se limitó la búsqueda por tipo de diseño (revisiones, series de casos, estudios descriptivos, analíticos y experimentales, metaanálisis). No se tuvo en cuenta el idioma de la publicación. Las bases de datos utilizadas fueron: PubMed, Ebsco Host, Lilacs y Science Direct. Se identificaron y se evaluaron 114 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 24 por su pertinencia para el estudio. Conclusiones: La alergia ocular es uno de los trastornos oculares más comunes encontrados en las consultas pediátricas y oftalmológicas. Si bien en la mayoría de los casos se trata de formas leves, estas pueden interferir en la calidad de vida del paciente. Es importante que estos pacientes con manifestaciones oftalmológicas de alergia se remitan al alergólogo para detectar otra patología, que, asociada al padecimiento alérgico, origine los síntomas que suelen ser graves, con una duración y frecuencia importantes(AU)

Introduction: Allergy is the most common disorder of the immune system. In recent decades, the prevalence of allergic diseases has increased considerably in all countries. Objective: To describe the current context of ocular allergy in order to make an early diagnosis, an early identification of subtypes, establish an adequate therapeutic management and control of severity. Methods: A systematic search of the scientific literature with the highest impact was performed using keywords. The search was limited by type of design (reviews, case series, descriptive, analytical and experimental studies, meta-analysis). The language of the publication was not taken into account. The databases used were: PubMed, Ebsco Host, Lilacs and Science Direct. A total of 114 articles were identified and evaluated, of which 24 were selected for their relevance to the study. Conclusions: Ocular allergy is one of the most common ocular disorders encountered in pediatric and ophthalmology consultations. Although in most cases these are mild forms, they can interfere with the patient's quality of life. It is important that these patients with ophthalmologic manifestations of allergy are referred to the Allergist to detect other pathology, which associated with the allergic condition originate the symptoms that are usually severe, with a significant duration and frequency(AU)

Rituximab: alternativa eficaz para la querotopatía ulcerativa periférica / Rituximab: effective alternative for peripheral ulcerative kerotopathy

El desarrollo de los fármacos biológicos ha permitido controlar de manera óptima las manifestaciones oftalmológicas de las enfermedades autoinmunes, el conocimiento de nuevas vías patogénicas y de nuevas dianas terapéuticas lo que está suponiendo una revolución en el tratamiento médico de numerosas entidades y donde la oftalmología no es una excepción. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente con artritis reumatoide con mal control y afectación multisistémica que presentó una queratopatía ulcerativa periférica de mal control que respondió con tratamiento biológico diferente al tradicionalmente usado: el rituximab(AU)

The development of biological drugs has allowed optimal control of the ophthalmologic manifestations of autoimmune diseases, the knowledge of new pathogenic pathways and new therapeutic targets, which is leading to a revolution in the medical treatment in numerous entities and where ophthalmology is no exception. We present the clinical case of a patient with poorly controlled rheumatoid arthritis and multisystemic condition. The patient presented a poorly controlled peripheral ulcerative keratopathy that responded to a different biological treatment than the one traditionally used: rituximab(AU)

Diretriz Latino-americana sobre o Diagnóstico e Tratamento da Alergia Ocular ­ Em nome da Sociedade Latinoamericana de Alergia, Asma e Imunologia (SLAAI) / Latin American Guideline on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Ocular Allergy ­ On behalf of the Latin American Society of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (SLAAI)

A alergia ocular, também conhecida como conjuntivite alérgica (CA), é uma reação de hipersensibilidade mediada por imunoglobulina E (IgE) do olho desencadeada por aeroalérgenos, principalmente ácaros da poeira doméstica e pólen de gramíneas. Os sintomas geralmente consistem em prurido ocular ou periocular, lacrimejamento e olhos vermelhos que podem estar presentes durante todo o ano ou sazonalmente. A alergia ocular tem frequência elevada, é subdiagnosticada e pode ser debilitante para o paciente. É potencialmente danosa para a visão, nos casos em que ocasiona cicatrização corneana grave, e na maioria dos pacientes associa-se a outros quadros alérgicos, principalmente rinite, asma e dermatite atópica. É classificada em conjuntivite alérgica perene, conjuntivite alérgica sazonal, ceratoconjuntivite atópica e ceratoconjuntivite vernal. O diagnóstico procura evidenciar o agente etiológico e a confirmação se dá pela realização do teste de provocação conjuntival. O tratamento baseia-se em evitar o contato com os desencadeantes, lubrificação, anti-histamínicos tópicos, estabilizadores de mastócitos, imunossupressores e imunoterapia específica com o objetivo de obter o controle e prevenir as complicações da doença.

Ocular allergy, also known as allergic conjunctivitis, is an immunoglobulin E-mediated hypersensitivity reaction of the eye triggered by airborne allergens, primarily house dust mites and grass pollen. Symptoms usually consist of ocular or periocular itching, watery eyes, and red eyes that may be present year-round or seasonally. Ocular allergy has a high frequency, is underdiagnosed, and can be debilitating for the patient. It is potentially harmful to vision in cases of severe corneal scarring, and in most patients, it is associated with other allergic conditions, especially rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. It is classified as perennial allergic conjunctivitis, seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, and vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Diagnosis seeks to identify the etiologic agent, and confirmation is given by conjunctival provocation testing. Treatment is based on avoiding contact with triggers, lubrication, topical antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, immunosuppressants, and specific immunotherapy with the aim of achieving control and preventing disease complications.

Entendendo a alergia ocular / Understanding eye allergy

A associação entre sintomas de asma, rinoconjuntivite (RCA) e conjuntivite alérgica (CA) é frequente, e sintomas oculares podem afetar 75% dos pacientes com rinite, e 20% dos asmáticos. Embora asma e RCA sejam comumente associadas, a prevalência desta em crianças e os fatores de risco para seu desenvolvimento têm sido estudados com menor frequência. A CA é um espectro de condições clínicas que varia de formas agudas a formas crônicas e graves. A CA é frequentemente subdiagnosticada em pacientes com RA e asma, pois os sintomas são pouco valorizados. O desenvolvimento de RCA depende de fatores genéticos e ambientais, e estudos indicam que sexo, história familiar de atopia, sensibilização precoce, alergia alimentar e dermatite atópica são fatores de risco. Existem seis formas clínicas de alergia ocular: conjuntivite alérgica sazonal, conjuntivite alérgica perene, ceratoconjuntivite vernal, conjuntivite papilar gigante, ceratoconjuntivite atópica e blefaroconjuntivite de contato. As diferentes formas clínicas envolvem diferentes mecanismos imunológicos, principalmente reações de hipersensibilidade Tipo 1 e Tipo 4. Os principais sintomas são prurido ocular, hiperemia conjuntival, secreção ocular e lacrimejamento, sendo o prurido o sintoma cardinal. A avaliação do especialista em alergia é importante para a identificação de possíveis agentes desencadeantes, e do oftalmologista para avaliar possíveis complicações. A maioria dos pacientes com alergia ocular inicia o tratamento com automedicação, geralmente com colírios não específicos. Anti-histamínicos são os principais medicamentos utilizados. Corticoides tópicos são reservados para casos graves. Imunomoduladores podem beneficiar esses pacientes, bem como imunoterapia. Imunobiológicos têm sido estudados para casos refratários.

Association between asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) and allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is frequent, and ocular symptoms may affect 75% of patients with rhinitis and 20% of those with asthma. Although asthma and ARC are commonly associated, the prevalence of eye allergy in children and the risk factors for its development are not well established. AC is a spectrum of clinical conditions ranging from acute to severe chronic cases. It is frequently underdiagnosed in patients with asthma and rhinitis because symptoms are underestimated. ARC development depends on genetic and environmental factors, and studies indicate that sex, family history of atopy, early sensitization, food allergy and atopic dermatitis are risk factors. There are six clinical forms of eye allergy: seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, perennial allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis and contact blepharoconjunctivitis. Different clinical aspects involve different immunologic mechanisms, especially type 1 and type 4 hypersensitivity reactions. The most common symptoms are itchy eyes, conjunctival hyperemia, ocular discharge and watering. The evaluation of an allergy specialist is important to identify possible triggering factors, and an ophthalmologist is able to evaluate possible complications. Most patients with eye allergy start treatment with self-medication, generally non-specific eye drops. Anti-histamines are the most commonly used medications. Topical corticosteroids are reserved for severe cases. Immunomodulators may benefit such patients, as well as immunotherapy. Biologics are being studied for refractory cases.

Clinical Aspects of Phlyctenular Keratoconjunctivitis Using a Tear Film Interferometer

PURPOSE: To evaluate clinical findings in phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis patients and assess the function and morphology of Meibomian glands using an interferometer (LipiView®, TearScience, Morrisville, NC, USA) in such patients.METHODS: This retrospective study included 19 eyes of 13 patients diagnosed with phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis. The lipid layer thickness (LLT) and meibograph of each eye was quantified by tear interferometry. Tear film break-up time (TBUT) and corneal staining score were measured. Meibomian gland morphology (lid margin vascularity, plugging of gland orifices, lid margin irregularity, lid margin thickening, and partial glands) was evaluated based on anterior photographs and meibographs.RESULTS: The mean age was 21.3 years (8–44 years). Mean BUT and Oxford corneal staining scores were 2.6 ± 1.2 seconds and 1.9 ± 0.8, respectively. Abnormal findings of the Meibomian glands were observed in all patients. The mean LLT was 79.6 ± 27.4 µm and the incomplete eye blinking frequency was 3.8 ± 5.9 during 20 seconds. The graphs of the tear lipid layer showed various patterns such as flat, up-hill, down-hill, and mixed.CONCLUSIONS: Meibomian gland dysfunctions and changes in the tear film lipid layer were noted in patients with phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis. These factors are to be considered for the treatment of phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis in young patients under 10 years of age.

A Case of Toxic Keratoconjunctivitis by Self-application of Human Breast Milk

PURPOSE: We report a case of toxic keratoconjunctivitis resulting from the self-application of human breast milk as a traditional folk remedy for allergic conjunctivitis. CASE SUMMARY: An 82-year-old woman presented with pain and conjunctival hyperemia in the right eye that had been worsening for three days. Two months previously, she was treated with antiallergic eye drops for allergic conjunctivitis at another eye clinic. However, the symptoms did not improve. She applied her daughter-in-law's breast milk into her right eye as a folk remedy for three days. The pain and conjunctival hyperemia worsened. At the initial visit, her corrected visual acuity was 0.3 in the right eye. Slit lamp examination demonstrated conjunctival hyperemia, punctate epithelial erosion at the central cornea, corneal keratic precipitates and white-colored deposits in the peripheral cornea combined with irregularly shaped small nodules. There was no anterior chamber inflammation. There was no medical history of rheumatoid arthritis or tuberculosis. Blood tests for serum and other infectious and inflammatory levels for infection and inflammatory markers were performed followed by application of topical steroids and antibiotics with artificial tears. After 3 weeks of treatment, conjunctival hyperemia and corneal deposits had almost resolved and best-corrected visual acuity improved to 1.0. CONCLUSIONS: The self-application of human breast milk may cause toxic keratoconjunctivitis. Therefore, efforts should be made, actively, to inform and educate the elderly in rural areas not to use human breast milk as a folk remedy.

Fatores associados a alergias oculares em crianças atendidas em serviço especializado / Factors associated with ocular allergies in children treated at a specialized service

Introdução: A conjuntivite alérgica (CA) é uma doença inflamatória da conjuntiva ocular causada principalmente por mecanismo IgE-mediado. É o tipo mais comum de alergia ocular. O presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar fatores associados à CA de diferentes intensidades em pacientes acompanhados em ambulatório pediátrico especializado em doenças alérgicas, visando, assim, facilitar o diagnóstico, a terapêutica e a profilaxia dessa morbidade. Métodos: Este estudo retrospectivo analisou prontuários de pacientes (n = 120) com diagnóstico clínico de CA acompanhados em ambulatório especializado por pelo menos um ano. O diagnóstico de CA foi realizado por oftalmologista, e, segundo os medicamentos utilizados, os pacientes foram classificados em CA grave (corticosteroide oral, imunossupressor tópico ou sistêmico e/ou com lesão corneana) ou não grave. Todos foram submetidos a testes cutâneos de leitura imediata com bateria padronizada de aeroalérgenos. Quinze pacientes foram escolhidos aleatoriamente e submetidos à pesquisa de IgE sérica específica (ImmunoCap-ISAC; Thermo Scientific). Resultados: Formas graves de CA ocorreram em 36/120 pacientes, com predomínio de sexo masculino (86,1%), presença de história familiar de CA e uso de lubrificantes e de imunossupressores tópicos. Não houve diferenças quanto à sensibilização a aeroalérgenos, mas entre as formas graves predominou a polissensibilização. Houve predomínio de sensibilização aos ácaros da poeira domiciliar. Conclusão: Nosso estudo-piloto mostrou que formas graves de CA foram associadas ao sexo masculino, ter história familiar de conjuntivite alérgica, e ser sensibilizado a ácaros da poeira domiciliar. Estudos adicionais são necessários para melhor caracterizar os possíveis fatores de risco associados à maior gravidade da CA.

Introduction: Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is an inflammatory disease of the ocular conjunctiva mainly caused by IgE-mediated mechanism. It is the most common type of ocular allergy. The present study aimed to identify factors associated with AC of different degrees of severity in patients followed in a pediatric outpatient clinic specializing in allergic diseases, in order to facilitate the diagnosis, therapy and prophylaxis of this morbidity. Methods: This retrospective study assessed medical records of patients (n = 120) with clinical diagnosis of AC followed at a specialized outpatient clinic for at least one year. The diagnosis of AC was performed by an ophthalmologist and, according to the medications used, the patients were classified as having severe AC (oral corticosteroid, topical or systemic immunosuppressive drug and/or corneal injury) or non-severe AC. All patients underwent skin prick tests with a standardized battery of aeroallergens. Fifteen patients were randomly selected to undergo serum specific IgE screening (ImmunoCap-ISAC; Thermo Scientific). Results: Severe forms of AC occurred in 36/120 patients with predominance of male sex (86.1%), presence of family history of AC, and use of lubricants and topical immunosuppressive drugs. There were no differences in sensitization to aeroallergens, but polysensitization prevailed among the severe forms. There was a predominance of sensitization to house dust mites. Conclusion: Our pilot study showed that severe forms of AC were associated with being male, having a family history of allergic conjunctivitis and being sensitized to house dust mites. Additional studies are needed to better characterize possible risk factors associated with increased AC severity.

Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Conjunctivitis in the Southern Region of South Korea, 2012–2016

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) are common diseases caused by human adenoviruses (HAdV) and enteroviruses, respectively, in South Korea. However, there are limited studies on the molecular epidemiology of viral conjunctivitis in South Korea. The main objective of this study was to characterize the genotypes of adenoviruses and enteroviruses causing viral conjunctivitis in the southwest region of South Korea. We collected conjunctival swabs from 492 patients with suspected cases of viral conjunctivitis from 6 ophthalmic hospitals in Gwangju Metropolitan City, in South Korea, between 2012 and 2016. Of the 492 samples tested, HAdVs and enteroviruses were detected in 249 samples (50.6%) and 19 samples (3.9%), respectively. The genotype analysis detected HAdV-8 in 183 samples (73.5%), HAdV-37 in 14 samples (5.6%), and HAdV-3, and HAdV-4 in 9 samples (3.6%) each. We detected coxsackievirus A24 (CVA24) and coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1) in 8 samples (42.0%) and 4 samples (21.0%), respectively. We also reported for the first time HAdV-56-infected cases of EKC in South Korea. Furthermore, we found three cases of coinfection with HAdV and enterovirus genotypes in our samples. HAdV-8 and CVA24, the main causes of EKC and AHC, respectively, worldwide, were also found to be the predominant genotypes in our study.

Common features of atopic dermatitis with hypoproteinemia / 소아과

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the causes, symptoms, and complications of hypoproteinemia to prevent hypoproteinemia and provide appropriate treatment to children with atopic dermatitis. METHODS: Children diagnosed with atopic dermatitis with hypoproteinemia and/or hypoalbuminemia were retrospectively reviewed. The patients’ medical records, including family history, weight, symptoms, treatment, complications, and laboratory test results for allergies and skin cultures, were examined. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients (24 boys) were enrolled. Seven cases had growth retardation; 7, keratoconjunctivitis; 6, aural discharges; 5, eczema herpeticum; 4, gastrointestinal tract symptoms; and 2, developmental delays. In 21 cases, topical steroids were not used. According to the blood test results, the median values of each parameter were elevated: total IgE, 1,864 U/mL; egg white-specific IgE, 76.5 kU(A)/L; milk IgE, 20.5 kU(A)/L; peanut IgE, 30 kU(A)/L; eosinophil count, 5,810/μL; eosinophil cationic protein, 93.45 μg/L; and platelet count, 666.5×10³/μL. Serum albumin and total protein levels decreased to 2.7 g/dL and 4.25 g/dL, respectively. Regarding electrolyte abnormality, 10 patients had hyponatremia, and 12, hyperkalemia. Systemic antibiotics were used to treat all cases, and an antiviral agent was used in 12 patients. Electrolyte correction was performed in 8 patients. CONCLUSION: Hypoproteinemia accompanying atopic dermatitis is common in infants younger than 1 year and may occur because of topical steroid treatment continuously being declined or because of eczema herpeticum. It may be accompanied by growth retardation, keratoconjunctivitis, aural discharge, and eczema herpeticum and can be managed through skin care and topical steroid application without intravenous albumin infusion.

Secuelas oftalmológicas secundarias a Síndrome de Stevens - Johnson / Ophthalmic sequelae due to Stevens - Johnson syndrome / Sequelas oftalmológicas secundárias à Síndrome de Stevens - Johnson

Figura A. Simblefaron, es decir adherencia de los bordes de los dos párpados (flecha blanca) y queratinización del limbo esclero-corneal (flecha amarilla) en el ojo derecho. Figura B. Ojo derecho: irregularidad del borde del párpado inferior con obstrucción completa y queratinización de los puntos de drenaje de las Glándulas de Meibomio, como consecuencia de la inflamación crónica secundaria al Síndrome de Stevens - Johnson. Figura C. Ojo derecho: conjuntivalización completa por falla del limbo y pérdida del epitelio corneal en el ojo derecho de la paciente, llevando a una córnea totalmente opaca como secuela del ojo seco severo crónico secundario al síndrome de Stevens - Johnson. Figura D. Ojo izquierdo: queratoprótesis de Boston Tipo I in situ. Se aprecia el cilindro central que permite el paso de la luz al interior del ojo. Los agujeros que translucen a través del tejido se encuentran en la placa de titanio que sostiene fijo el cilindro óptico al tejido corneal de un donante, que se suturó a la córnea periférica de la paciente. Ese tejido corneal donante se encuentra completamente conjuntivalizado y opaco, pero el extremo del cilindro óptico, al ser de material sintético, mantiene la transparencia. Se evidencia queratinización de la superficie con acúmulo de queratina en la interfase entre el material sintético del cilindro y el tejido corneal.

Figure A. Symblepharon, i.e., adhesion from the edges of the two eyelids (white arrow) and keratinization of the sclerocorneal limbus (yellow arrow) in the right eye. Figure B. Right eye: irregularity from the edge of the lower eyelid with complete obstruction and keratinization of the excretory ducts of the Meibomian glands, due to chronicity of the inflammation in consequence to Stevens - Johnson syndrome. Figure C. Right eye: showing complete conjunctivalization due to limbus failure and loss of the corneal epithelium in the patient's right eye, leading to corneal haze as a sequel to chronic severe dry eye secondary to Stevens - Johnson syndrome. Figure D. Left eye: Boston type I keratoprosthesis in situ. As showed, the central cylinder allows light to enter through the eye. The holes seen through the tissue are on the titanium plate that holds the optical cylinder in place on the corneal tissue of a donor, sutured to the patient's peripheral cornea. This donor corneal tissue is completely conjunctivalized and hazy, but since the end of the optical cylinder is made of synthetic material, it remains transparent. Keratinization of the surface is evident, with an accumulation of keratin in the interface between the synthetic material of the cylinder and the corneal tissue.

Figura A. Simbléfaro, ou seja, aderência das bordas das pálpebras (seta branca) e queratinização do limbo esclerocorneano (seta amarela) no olho direito. Figura B. Olho direito: irregularidade da borda da pálpebra inferior com obstrução completa e queratinização dos pontos de drenagem das glândulas meibomianas, como consequência da inflamação crônica secundária à síndrome de Stevens - Johnson. Figura C. Olho direito: conjuntivalização completa devido a falha do limbo e perda do epitélio corneano no olho direto da paciente, ocasionando uma córnea completamente opaca como sequela do olho seco crônico grave secundário à síndrome de Stevens-Johnson. Figura D. Olho esquerdo: ceratoprótese de Boston Tipo I in situ. O cilindro central que permite a passagem da luz para o olho é apreciado. Os orifícios translúcidos através do tecido estão na placa de titânio que segura o cilindro óptico ao tecido corneano de um doador, o qual foi suturado à córnea periférica da paciente. Esse tecido corneano doado está completamente conjuntivalizado e opaco, mas o extremo do cilindro óptico, por ser feito de material sintético, mantém a transparência. É evidente a queratinização da superfície com acúmulo de queratina na interface entre o material sintético do cilindro e o tecido corneano.

Ceratoconjuntivite nodular em um caso de leishmaniose visceral canina: relato de caso / Nodular keratoconjunctivitis in a case of canine visceral leishmaniasis: case report

Relata-se um caso de leishmaniose visceral canina com ceratoconjuntivite nodular como queixa exclusiva do proprietário. O diagnóstico se deu pela observação de formas amastigotas de Leishmania sp. no exame parasitológico direto de citologia aspirativa conjuntival. Lesões oculares raramente são queixas principais únicas de cães com leishmaniose, como o caso em questão, o que demonstra a variabilidade de apresentação clínica da doença e a importância da realização de testes laboratoriais diagnósticos para leishmaniose como triagem para pacientes de áreas endêmicas.(AU)

We describe a case of canine visceral leishmaniasis with nodular keratoconjunctivits as the owner's only complaint. Diagnosis was made by the observation of Leishmania sp. amastigotes in parasitological examination from conjunctival aspirative cytology. Eye lesions are rarely the only complaint of dogs suspected of leishmaniasis, as the case reported, demonstrating the variability of clinical presentation of the disease and the importance of performing screening diagnostic laboratorial tests for leishmaniasis in endemic areas.(AU)

Topical tacrolimus for the treatment of severe allergic keratoconjunctivitis in children / Tacrolimus tópico para o tratamento da ceratoconjuntivite alérgica severa em crianças

ABSTRACT Purpose: Administration of eye drops containing antihistamines or sodium cromoglycate and its derivatives for the treatment of allergic keratoconjunctivitis is often insufficient and usually requires the addition of corticosteroids. However, the risk of complications, such as glaucoma and cataract, limits the use of corticosteroids to short courses, resulting in inadequate long-term treatment response. Immunosuppressive drugs have been considered as a valid alternative to steroids for atopic keratoconjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis. This study aimed to evaluate the use of topical tacrolimus (TCL) in improving the clinical signs of severe allergic keratoconjuctivitis in children. Methods: Patients with severe allergic keratoconjunctivitis associated with corneal epitheliopathy, gelatinous limbal infiltrates, and/or papillary reaction, along with a history of recurrences and resistance to conventional topical anti-allergy agents, were included in this open clinical trial. Patients were treated with 0.03% TCL ointment for ocular use. A severity score ranging from 0 to 9, with 9 being the highest and 0 being the lowest, was assigned based on signs observed on biomicroscopy prior to and following TCL treatment. Results: Analyses included 66 eyes of 33 patients. After a mean follow-up period of 13 months (range, 12-29 months), TCL treatment significantly decreased the mean symptom score severity for the right (from 5.56 ± 1.18 to 2.76 ± 1.5; p<0.001) and left (from 5.94 ± 1.16 to 2.86 ± 1.64; p<0.001). Conclusion: Topical TCL was effective and significantly improved the clinical signs of allergic keratoconjuctivitis in children. Thus, it is a potential new option for severe and challenging cases of ocular allergy.

RESUMO Objetivos: O tratamento da ceratoconjuntivite alérgica baseado em colírios que contenham anti-histamínicos ou cromoglicato de sódio e seus derivados geralmente são insuficientes. A adição de corticosteróides geralmente é mandatória. No entanto, o risco de complicações como glaucoma e catarata limita o uso dos corticosteróides em curtos períodos de tratamento resultando em respostas inadequadas a longo prazo. Drogas imunossupressoras vem sendo consideradas como uma opção terapêutica alternativa válida para as ceratoconjuntivite atópica (AKC) e ceratoconjuntivite vernal (VKC). Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a melhora nos sinais clínicos durante o uso de tacrolimus (TCL) tópico em crianças com ceratoconjuntivites alérgicas. Métodos: Pacientes com ceratoconjuntivite alérgica severa associada a ceratites, infiltrados limbares gelatinosos e/ou papilas gigantes, com história de recorrências e resistência ao tratamento anti-alérgico tópico convencional foram incluídos neste estudo. Os pacientes foram tratados com TCL 0,03% pomada tópica para uso ocular. Um escore variando de 0 a 9 foi atribuído para os sinais observados na biomicroscopia antes e depois do tratamento. Quanto maiores os escores, mais severos eram os sinais. Resultados: Foram estudados 66 olhos de 33 pacientes. Antes do tratamento a média do escore para o olho direito foi 5,56 ± 1,18 e para o olho esquerdo 5,94 ± 1,16. Após o tratamento com TCL a média do escore para o olho direito foi 2,76 ± 1,5 e para o olho esquerdo 2,86 ± 1,64 (p<0.001 para os dois olhos). O tempo de seguimento médio foi de 13 meses (12-29 meses). Conclusão: O presente estudo sugere que o TCL tópico foi efetivo e demonstrou resultado satisfatório, com melhora nos sinais clínicos na ceratoconjuntivite alérgica em crianças, constituindo uma nova opção para o tratamento de casos severos de alergia ocular.

Pathogenesis of allergic conjunctivitis and trends in its treatment

Allergic conjunctivitis is characterized by specific immunologic responses known as type 1 hypersensitivity, resulting in corneal and conjunctival inflammation. Histamine plays an important role in the pathophysiologic mechanism of allergic conjunctivitis. Five subtypes of allergic conjunctivitis have been defined according to specific signs and symptoms: seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, perennial allergic conjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis and giant papillary conjunctivitis. Above all, avoidance of the offending antigen is the primary behavioral modification used to treat all types of allergic conjunctivitis. However, this may be difficult for practical reasons; therefore, a range of medical treatment options, such as topical antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids are prescribed in clinical practice.

Isolation and identification of Moraxella cuniculi from a rabbit with keratoconjunctivitis

A Gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, coccus-shaped bacterium was isolated from a rabbit with keratoconjunctivitis. Colonies of the isolate were round, smooth, and exhibited hemolytic activity on 5% sheep blood agar. Scanning electron microscopy revealed 0.4 to 0.5 µm diameter oval cocci. Partial 16S rRNA gene (1446 bp) sequence analysis demonstrated the isolate had significant homology with the Moraxella cuniculi CCUG2154 strain isolated from a rabbit in Germany in 1973. Our isolate was designated as APQAB1701. Antibiotic susceptibility tests demonstrated that APQAB1701 was sensitive to 24 antibiotics; 3 of the antibiotics (nalidixic acid, spectinomycin, and colistin) had minimal inhibitory concentrations ≥ 32 µg/mL against the isolate.

Causes of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis and therapeutic measures

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is the most common type of infectious conjunctivitis, and is caused by adenoviruses. The mode of transmission is mainly through direct contact with ocular secretions. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis is generally diagnosed based on a patient's clinical features, and additional measures, such as cell cultures, polymerase chain reaction, and rapid antigen detection tests, can further confirm the diagnosis. The most common symptoms include a foreign body sensation, tearing, and photophobia. The symptoms are usually expressed unilaterally in the initial phase, but gradually become bilateral. Frequently occurring complications include pseudomembrane formation and subepithelial infiltrates. Currently, no antiviral agent has been proven effective to alter the natural course of the disease, and treatment merely has a supportive role instead of a curative role. Therefore, preventive measures in medical offices and in the community are the most important methods of controlling the propagation of this disease.

Atopic keratoconjunctivitis: long-term results of medical treatment and penetrating keratoplasty / Ceratoconjuntivite atópica: resultados a longo prazo do tratamento clínico e da ceratoplastia penetrante

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the long-term outcomes of medically or surgically treated patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC). Methods: Charts of 16 patients with AKC (32 eyes) observed between 1996 and 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. Outcome measures included demographic features, follow-up duration, and biomicroscopic findings at the first and most recent visits. The corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA; in decimal units) was evaluated at the initial visit and the 1-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up visits. Results: In the medically treated group (25 eyes of 15 patients), the median follow-up duration was 3 (range, 1-9) years, and the median CDVA values were 0.01 (0.001-1.0) at the first visit and 0.01 (0.001-0.8) at the most recent visit (p=0.916). In the penetrating keratoplasty (PK) group (7 eyes of 6 patients), the median follow-up duration was 7 years (range, 1-11), and the median CDVA increased from 0.01 (0.001-0.01) to 0.2 (0.001-0.7) postoperatively (p=0.043). Conclusion: Whereas most AKC patients maintained a useful CDVA with medical treatment, PK may be required in some cases. Despite the frequent occurrence of complications, PK can significantly improve the CDVA.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados a longo prazo em ceratoconjuntivite atópica (AKC) pacientes que foram tratados clinicamente ou cirurgicamente. Métodos: Os prontuários de 16 pacientes (32 olhos) com AKC, que foram acompanhados entre 1996 e 2013 foram avaliados retrospectivamente. As medidas adotadas foram as características demográficas, tempos de seguimento, e resultados biomicroscópicos da visita inicial e da visita mais recente. A acuidade visual corrigida para distância (CDVA), apresentada em unidades decimais, foi avaliada na visita inicial e nas visitas do 1º mês, 6º mês e 1º ano de seguimento. Resultados: No grupo tratado clinicamente (25 olhos de 15 pacientes), a mediana do tempo de seguimento foi de 3 anos (variação, 1-9) e a CDVA média foi de 0,01 (0,001-1,0) na visita inicial e 0,01 (0,001-0,8) na visita mais recente (p=0,916). No grupo de ceratoplastia penetrante (PK) (7 olhos de 6 pacientes), a mediana de tempo de seguimento foi de 7 anos (variação, 1-11) e a CDVA média aumentou de 0,01 (0,001-0,01) para 0,2 (0,001-0,7) (p=0,043) no pós-operatório. Conclusões: Embora a maioria dos pacientes AKC mantém a CDVA útil com o tratamento clínico, alguns necessitam de PK a fim de obter CDVA útil. Embora as complicações pós-PK ocorrem com freqüência, a CDVA pode melhorar significativamente.

A 30-year-old male with corneal opacity and a rapidly progressing ulcer / Hombre de 30 años con opacidad y úlcera corneal de rápida progresión

Gonococcal keratoconjunctivitis is a rapidly progressing and aggressive infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae . We report a case of a patient who presented keratoconjunctivitis with an opacity in the left cornea that progressed into an ulcerative lesion despite initial treatment with antibiotic eye drops. Gram stains from the purulent discharge of the left eye showed gram-negative diplococci, and the culture from the ocular discharge was positive for Neisseria gonorrhoeae . Resolution was achieved with the administration of 2 g of intramuscular ceftriaxone in a single dose, and the patient had no sequelae.

La queratoconjuntivitis gonocócica es un infección agresiva y de rápida progresión causada por Neisseria gonorrhoeae . Reportamos el caso de un paciente quien presentó queratoconjuntivitis con opacidad corneal izquierda, la cual progresó a lesión ulcerativa a pesar del tratamiento inicial con antibiótico en gotas oftálmicas. La tinción de Gram y el cultivo a partir de la secreción purulenta del ojo izquierdo mostró diplococos gramnegativos y crecimiento de Neisseria gonorrhoeae , respectivamente. La curación del paciente se logró tras la administración de 2 g de ceftriaxona intramuscular en dosis única; el paciente no presentó secuelas.

Reconstrucción de superficie ocular más trasplante de córnea en una paciente con queratoconjuntivitis atópica severa. Reporte de caso / Ocular surface reconstruction and corneal transplant in severe atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Case report

Objetivo: Presentar un caso de reconstrucción de superficie ocular con aloinjertos de limbo y conjuntiva más queratoplastia penetrante en una paciente con queratoconjuntivitis atópica severa de difícil manejo. Diseño del estudio: Reporte de caso. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo tipo reporte de caso, por medio de recopilación de datos de la historia clínica, imágenes preoperatorias, intraoperatorias y de la evolución postoperatoria de la paciente. Resultados: Reconstrucción de superficie ocular con membrana amniótica más aloinjertos de limbo y conjuntiva (tomados de la hermana), más queratoplastia penetrante, logrando mejoría significativa de la agudeza visual. Conclusiones: El manejo quirúrgico propuesto para la reconstrucción del segmento anterior en una paciente con graves lesiones corneales secundarias a queratoconjuntivitis atópica severa, resulto útil para la mejoría significativa de su visión y su calidad de vida.

Objective: To report a case of ocular surface reconstruction with limbal allografts and conjunctiva plus penetrating keratoplasty in a female patient with severe atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Study Design: Case report. Methods: Descriptive case report: data collection and medical history was reviewed. Preoperative images and the intraoperative images , and the postoperative results are presented. Results: Reconstruction of ocular surface ocular with amniotic membrane and limbal allografts and conjunctiva (Taking from patient's sister) plus penetrating keratoplasty, achieved a significant improvement of visual acuity. Conclusions: The proposed surgical management for anterior segment reconstruction in a patient with serious corneal lesions secondary to a severe atopic keratoconjunctivitis, was useful for improvement of her vision and quality of life.

A Case of Conjunctival Lithiasis with Clinical Manifestations of Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis

PURPOSE: To report a case of conjunctival lithiasis with clinical manifestations of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. CASE SUMMARY: A 40-year-old male complained of pain, foreign body sensation and injection in the left eye lasting 1 month. The slit-lamp examination revealed injection of the superior bulbar conjunctiva, linear corneal band opacity, fine punctate staining and epithelial defect in the superior cornea area. After eversion of the left upper eyelid, there were many various-sized conjunctional concretions and inflammation in the superior tarsal conjunctiva. Therefore, we considered conjunctival lithiasis-induced clinical manifestations of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis and then removed the conjunctival concretions using a 30-gauge needle. After the procedures, artificial tears, antibiotic eye drops, steroid eye drops and a therapeutic contact lens were applied. After 1 week, all symptoms and signs improved and there was no recurrence for 4 months. CONCLUSIONS: Mechanical stimulation by severe conjunctival lithiasis can induce clinical manifestations of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis. Therefore, in patients with clinical manifestations of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, conjunctival lithiasis should be considered by observing the superior tarsal conjunctiva more closely.

Molecular detection and phylogenetic relationship of wild-type strains of canine distemper virus in symptomatic dogs from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais / Detecção molecular e relação filogenética de cepas selvagens do vírus da cinomose canina em cães sintomáticos oriundos de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais

This study investigated the occurrence of canine distemper virus (CDV) by evaluating the presence of viral RNA within urine samples of dogs from Uberlândia, MG, with clinical manifestations suggestive of infection by CDV by targeting the CDV N gene. Of the clinical samples collected ( n =33), CDV viruria was detected in 45.5%. Five dogs died spontaneously; all had characteristic CDV-associated histopathological alterations and demonstrated CDV viruria. Statistical analyses revealed that the age, gender, breed, or the organ system of the dog affected had no influence on the occurrence of canine distemper. Myoclonus and motor incoordination were the most significant neurological manifestations observed. A direct association was observed between keratoconjunctivitis and dogs with CDV viruria. These findings suggest that CDV viruria in symptomatic dogs might not be age related, and that symptomatic dogs can demonstrate clinical manifestations attributed to CDV without viruria identified by RT-PCR. Additionally, the results of the sequence identities analysed have suggested that all Brazilian wild-type strains of CDV currently identified are closely related and probably originated from the same lineage of CDV. Nevertheless, phylogenetic analyses suggest that there are different clusters of wild-type strains of CDV circulating within urban canine populations in Brazil.

A presença do ácido nucleico (RNA) do vírus da cinomose canina (CDV) foi avaliada por meio da amplificação parcial do gene N pela técnica RT-PCR realizada em urina de cães provenientes de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, que apresentavam sinais clínicos sugestivos de cinomose. Das 33 amostras de urina avaliadas, o CDV foi identificado em 45,5%. Em cinco cães que morreram espontaneamente, além da excreção do CDV na urina, foram observadas alterações histopatológicas associadas à infecção por esse vírus. Análises estatísticas demonstraram que a idade, gênero, raça e o sistema orgânico comprometido dos cães avaliados não exerceram influência no diagnóstico da cinomose canina. Mioclonia e incoordenação motora foram as manifestações neurológicas que apresentaram frequência de ocorrência significativa (P<0,05). Uma associação direta foi observada entre a presença de ceratoconjuntivite e a identificação de virúria pelo CDV. Esses achados sugerem que a excreção do CDV pela urina em cães com sinais clínicos compatíveis com cinomose pode não ser relacionada com a idade do animal, e que animais sintomáticos podem apresentar manifestações clínicas atribuídas ao CDV, porém sem a caracterização de virúria por RT-PCR. Adicionalmente, análises filogenéticas sugerem que várias cepas de CDV podem estar circulando em populações caninas de áreas urbanas no Brasil.